Quartz

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Quartz is a tough, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). The atoms are connected in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an standard chemical components of SiO2. Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, at the back of feldspar.

Quartz exists in two paperwork, the everyday α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of that are chiral. The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes region all of sudden at 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F). Since the transformation is accompanied by a widespread alternate in extent, it can effortlessly set off fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing thru this temperature threshold.

There are many exclusive sorts of quartz, numerous of which can be classified gemstones. Since antiquity, styles of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings, mainly in Eurasia.

Quartz is the mineral defining the price of 7 at the Mohs scale of hardness, a qualitative scratch approach for determining the hardness of a cloth to abrasion.